A global review and network analysis of phytophagous insect interactions with ferns and lycophytes
نویسندگان
چکیده
Ferns and lycophytes are the second third largest lineages of vascular plants, yet our understanding their interactions with phytophagous insects is very limited. In this study, we reviewed herbivorous insects, feeding habits host preferences on these two plant groups, searched for any evidence coevolution, discussed possible biases current knowledge fern–insect interactions. We analyzed 2318 records from 122 literature sources, based habit fern taxa, geographic location. report comprising 809 insect species (mainly Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera) 382 Dennstaedtiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae). Leaf-chewers comprised over 50% species, followed by sap-sucking (29.1%) spore feeders (6.5%). The overall interaction analyses revealed that entire network was not significantly nested had relatively low levels specialization (H2′ = 0.24). networks Coleoptera were most specialized at family 0.40) genus level 0.65), whereas six out 10 families Lepidoptera (d′ ≥ 0.44). At level, all a plant-biased asymmetry. Although specialists common, few cases coevolutionary radiation have been documented. discuss dataset, which also highlight gaps to fill in future research suggest many more fern-feeding remain be discovered, especially sap-sucking, gall-forming, spore-feeding modern groups.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Plant Ecology
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1573-5052', '1385-0237']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01187-5